I whakawhanakehia ngā pūmua mimiti-rahi i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1960. I te tau 1961, i honoa te māngaro e te Northern Research Institute o te US Department of Agriculture ki te acrylonitrile mō te wā tuatahi hei hanga i tētahi copolymer tāpiri acrylonitrile māngaro HSPAN i hipa ake i ngā rauemi mimiti-wai tuku iho. I te tau 1978, i ārahi a Sanyo Chemical Co., Ltd. o Hapani i te whakamahi i ngā pūmua mimiti-rahi mō ngā nāpi ka taea te whakamahi, ā, kua arohia e ngā kaipūtaiao o te ao katoa. I te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1970, i whakaaro a UCC Corporation o te Hononga o Amerika ki te hono i ngā pūmua olefin oxide ki te maimoatanga irahiko, ā, i hangaia ngā pūmua mimiti-rahi kore-ionic me te kaha mimiti-wai o te 2000 ngā wā, ā, i huaki ai te hanga o ngā pūmua mimiti-rahi kore-ionic. Kūaha. I te tau 1983, i whakamahia e Sanyo Chemicals o Hapani te potassium acrylate i te aroaro o ngā matū diene pērā i te methacrylamide hei whakapūmau i ngā pūmua mimiti-rahi. Whai muri i tēnā, kua tonu te kamupene ki te whakaputa i ngā pūnaha pūmua tino mimiti i hangaia mai i te waikawa polyacrylic kua whakarerekētia me te polyacrylamide. I te mutunga o te rautau kua hipa, kua whanake haere tonu ngā kaipūtaiao o ngā whenua maha, ā, kua hanga hoki i ngā pūmua tino mimiti kia tere te whanake i roto i ngā whenua o te ao. I tēnei wā, kua hanga e ngā rōpū whakaputa matua e toru o Japan Shokubai, Sanyo Chemical me Stockhausen o Tiamana he āhua waewae-toru. E 70% o te mākete o te ao e whakahaerehia ana e rātou i ēnei rā, ā, e whakahaere ana rātou i ngā mahi tahi o te ao mā te mahi tahi hangarau hei pupuri i te mākete teitei o ngā whenua katoa o te ao. Te tika ki te hoko i ngā pūmua mimiti wai. He whānui ngā whakamahinga o ngā pūmua tino mimiti, ā, he whānui hoki ngā tūmanakohanga tono. I tēnei wā, ko tana whakamahinga matua ko ngā hua hauora tonu, e 70% o te mākete katoa.
Nā te mea he kaha nui te kapia ngongo nui o te konutai polyacrylate, ā, he pai hoki te pupuri wai, he whānuitia ana whakamahinga hei kaiāwhina pupuri wai oneone i roto i te ahuwhenua me te ngahere. Mēnā ka tāpirihia he iti noa te konutai polyacrylate ngongo nui ki te oneone, ka taea te whakapai ake i te tere whakatipu o ētahi pīni me te ātete ki te tauraki o ngā pihi pīni, ā, ka taea hoki te whakanui ake i te uruhanga hau o te oneone. Hei tāpiri, nā te kaha ki te wai me te ārai-kohu me te ārai-whakatōtō pai o te kapia ngongo nui, ka taea te whakamahi hei rauemi tākai hou. Ka taea e te kiriata tākai i hangaia mai i ngā āhuatanga ahurei o te pūmua ngongo nui te pupuri i te hou o te kai. Mā te tāpiri i te iti noa o te pūmua ngongo nui ki ngā mea whakapaipai ka taea hoki te whakanui ake i te matotoru o te emulsion, he mea whakamātotoru pai. Mā te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga o te pūmua ngongo nui e mimiti ana i te wai anake engari kāore i te hinu, i ngā whakarewa rauropi rānei, ka taea te whakamahi hei kaiāwhina whakamaroke i roto i te ahumahi.
Nā te mea kāore ngā pūmua tino mimiti i te paitini, kāore e whakapataritari i te tinana tangata, kāore he pānga kino, kāore hoki e whakatō toto, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i te ao rongoā i ngā tau tata nei. Hei tauira, e whakamahia ana mō ngā hinu pani he nui te wai, ā, he pai ki te whakamahi; hei hanga takai hauora me ngā pōro miro ka taea te mimiti i te toto me ngā mea i puta mai i te pokanga me te whara, ā, ka taea te ārai i te pupuhi; hei hanga i ngā kaihoko ārai-kitakita ka taea te tuku i te wai me ngā rongoā engari kāore e taea te tuku i ngā moroiti. Kiri horihori pangia, me ētahi atu.
I te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau, kua nui haere te aro ki te tiaki i te taiao. Mēnā ka makahia te pūmua mimiti rawa ki roto i tētahi putea ka wairewa i roto i te paru, ā, ka rumakina te putea ki roto i te paru, ina rewa te putea, ka tere te mimiti o te pūmua mimiti rawa i te wai hei whakapakeke i te paru.
I roto i te umanga hikohiko, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā pūmua tino mimiti hei pūoko haumākū, hei pūoko ine makuku, hei pūoko turuturu wai. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā pūmua tino mimiti hei mea mimiti i te konganuku taumaha me ngā rauemi mimiti hinu.
I roto i te poto, ko te pūmua tino mimiti he momo rauemi pūmua he whānui rawa ngā whakamahinga. He nui te pūmanawa mākete o te whanaketanga kaha o te kapia pūmua tino mimiti. I tēnei tau, i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te tauraki me te iti o te ua i te nuinga o ngā wāhi o te raki o tōku whenua, he mahi nui te whakatairanga me te whakamahi i ngā pūmua tino mimiti kei mua i ngā kaipūtaiao ahuwhenua me ngā tohunga hangarau. I te wā e whakatinanahia ana te Rautaki Whakawhanake Hauāuru, i roto i te mahi whakapai ake i te oneone, me te whakawhanake me te whakamahi kaha i ngā mahi maha o ngā pūmua tino mimiti, he painga pāpori me te painga ōhanga pea. Neke atu i te 30,000 mita pūrua te rohe o Zhuhai Demi Chemicals. He tohunga ki te rangahau me te whakawhanake me te whakaputa hua e pā ana ki ngā rauemi tino mimiti (SAP). Koia te kamupene ā-rohe tuatahi e mahi ana i ngā kapia tino mimiti e whakauru ana i te rangahau pūtaiao, te whakaputa, te hoko, me ngā ratonga hangarau. He mana pupuri hinengaro motuhake tō te kamupene, he kaha te kaha rangahau me te whakawhanake, ā, kei te whakarewa tonu i ngā hua hou. Kei roto te kaupapa nei i te "mahere rama" ā-motu, ā, kua maha ngā wā kua whakanuia e ngā kāwanatanga ā-motu, ā-rohe me ngā kāwanatanga ā-tāone.
Rohe tono
1. Ngā tono i roto i te ahuwhenua me te māra
Ko te kapia mimiti nui e whakamahia ana i roto i te ahuwhenua me te māra e kiia ana hoki ko te kaiawhina pupuri wai me te whakangawari oneone. He whenua tino kore wai tōku whenua i te ao katoa. Nō reira, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te whakamahinga o ngā kaiawhina pupuri wai. I tēnei wā, neke atu i te tekau mā rua ngā whare rangahau ā-rohe kua whakawhanake i ngā hua kapia mimiti nui mō te witi, te miro, te hinu, me te huka. , Tupeka, hua rākau, huawhenua, ngahere me ētahi atu momo tipu neke atu i te 60, neke atu i te 70,000 heketea te rohe whakatairanga, ā, ko te whakamahinga o te kapia mimiti nui i Te Tai Tokerau-mā-uru, Mongolia o Roto me ētahi atu wāhi mō te whakahaere onepu nui me te whakatipu ngahere matomato. Ko ngā kapia mimiti nui e whakamahia ana i tēnei āhuatanga ko ngā hua honohono-pūmua acrylate kua whakapirihia ki te māngaro me ngā hua honohono-pūmua acrylamide-acrylate copolymer, kua rerekē te tote mai i te momo konutai ki te momo pāhare pākawa. Ko ngā tikanga matua e whakamahia ana ko te whakakakahu purapura, te rehu, te paninga poka, te whakamakuku rānei i ngā pakiaka tipu i muri i te whakaranu ki te wai hei hanga i te whakapiri. I taua wā anō, ka taea te whakamahi i te kapia mimiti rawa hei pani i te tongi, kātahi ka whakamomona, kia whai hua ai te tere whakamahinga o te tongi, kia ārai ai hoki i te para me te poke. Ka whakamahia hoki e ngā whenua o tāwāhi te kapia mimiti rawa hei rauemi takai mō ngā hua, ngā huawhenua me ngā kai.
2. Ko ngā whakamahinga i roto i te rongoā me te akuaku, ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia hei tauera horoi, hei nāpi pēpi, hei tauera, hei kete hukapapa hauora; hei kakara rite ki te tiēre hei whakamahi i ia rā hei whakatikatika i te āhuarangi. Hei rauemi rongoā taketake mō ngā hinu kakara, ngā kirimi, ngā paninga, ngā cataplasm, me ētahi atu, ā, ko āna mahi he whakamakuku, he whakamātotoru, he urunga kiri me te whakakī. Ka taea hoki te hanga hei kawe atamai hei whakahaere i te nui o te rongoā e tukuna ana, te wā tuku, me te wāhi tuku.
3. Te whakamahinga i roto i te ahumahi
Whakamahia te mahi a te kapia mimiti nui hei mimiti i te wai i te pāmahana teitei, me te tuku i te wai i te pāmahana iti hei hanga i te kaihoko ātete makuku ahumahi. I roto i ngā mahi whakaora hinu o te mara hinu, inā koa i ngā mara hinu tawhito, he tino whai hua te whakamahi i ngā otinga wai polyacrylamide taumaha-rahi mō te nekehanga hinu. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi mō te whakamaroke i ngā whakarewa waro, inā koa mō ngā whakarewa waro he iti te polarity. Kei reira anō ngā whakamātotoru ahumahi, ngā peita wairewa-wai, me ētahi atu.
4. Te tono i roto i te hanganga
Ko te rauemi pupuhi tere e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā kaupapa tiaki wai he kapia parakore tino mimiti, e whakamahia ana mō te puru i ngā kauhanga o ngā tāpae i ngā wā waipuke, me te puru i te wai mō ngā hononga kua oti te hanga o ngā rūma o raro, ngā kauhanga me ngā ara raro whenua; e whakamahia ana mō ngā kaupapa maimoatanga paru o te tāone me te keri. Ka whakapakeketia te paru hei whakahaere i te keri me te kawe.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-08-2021