Ko te nuinga o te taupori o tōku whenua e noho ana i ngā tāone iti me ngā wāhi tuawhenua, ā, kua nui haere te aro ki te poke o te paru o te taiwhenua ki te taiao wai. Haunga te iti o te auau maimoatanga paru i te rohe hauauru, kua piki ake te auau maimoatanga paru i ngā wāhi tuawhenua o tōku whenua. Heoi, he whānui te rohe o tōku whenua, ā, he rerekē rawa ngā āhuatanga taiao, ngā tikanga noho me ngā āhuatanga ōhanga o ngā tāone me ngā kāinga i ngā rohe rerekē. Me pēhea te mahi pai i te maimoatanga paru ā-rohe i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te rohe, he mea tika kia akohia ngā wheako o ngā whenua whakawhanake.
te hangarau maimoatanga parakaingaki matua ā-motu o tōku whenua
Ko ngā momo hangarau maimoatanga paru whenua o te tuawhenua e whai ake nei i tōku whenua (tirohia te Pikitia 1): te hangarau biofilm, te hangarau maimoatanga paru whakahohe, te hangarau maimoatanga taiao, te hangarau maimoatanga whenua, me te hangarau maimoatanga koiora me te taiao whakakotahi. He tohu tono, ā, he angitu ngā keehi whakahaere mahi. Mai i te tirohanga o te tauine maimoatanga paru, ko te kaha maimoatanga wai kei raro iho i te 500 tana.
1. Ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga o te hangarau maimoatanga paru o te taiwhenua
I roto i te mahi maimoatanga paru o te taiwhenua, e whakaatu ana ia hangarau tukanga i ngā painga me ngā ngoikoretanga e whai ake nei:
Tikanga paru whakahohe: te whakahaere ngāwari me te whakahaere aunoa, engari he nui te utu toharite mō ia whare, ā, me whai kaimahi motuhake mō te whakahaere me te tiaki.
Hangarau repo hanga: he iti te utu hanga, engari he iti te tere tango, ā, he uaua te whakahaere me te whakahaere.
Te maimoatanga whenua: he māmā noa te hanga, te whakahaere me te tiaki, ā, he iti te utu, engari ka poke pea te wai whenua, ā, me whakahaere te whakahaere me te tiaki mō te wā roa.
Tepu hurihuri koiora + moenga tipu: he pai mō te rohe tonga, engari he uaua ki te whakahaere me te tiaki.
Teihana maimoatanga para iti: e tata ana ki te tikanga maimoatanga para o ngā whare o te tāone. Ko te painga he pai te kounga o te wai para, ā, ko te ngoikoretanga he kore e taea te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā para ahuwhenua o te taiwhenua.
Ahakoa kei te whakatairangahia e ētahi wāhi te hangarau maimoatanga para waikeri taiwhenua "kāore he hiko", he nui tonu te wāhanga o te hangarau maimoatanga para waikeri "hiko". I tēnei wā, i roto i te maha o ngā taiwhenua, ka tohaina te whenua ki ngā whare noho, ā, he iti noa ngā whenua tūmatanui, ā, he tino iti te reiti whakamahinga whenua i ngā rohe whanaketanga ōhanga. He nui, he iti ake ngā rauemi whenua e wātea ana mō te maimoatanga para waikeri. Nō reira, he pai te tirohanga a te hangarau maimoatanga para waikeri "hihiri" ki ngā rohe he iti ake te whakamahinga whenua, he ōhanga whanaketanga me ngā whakaritenga kounga wai teitei. Ko te hangarau maimoatanga para waikeri e penapena ana i te pūngao me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga kua noho hei ia whanaketanga o te hangarau maimoatanga para waikeri ā-whare motuhake i roto i ngā kāinga me ngā tāone.
2. Aratau whakakotahi o te hangarau maimoatanga paru whenua
Ko te huinga hangarau maimoatanga paru o te whenua o tōku whenua e whai ake nei ko ngā momo e toru:
Ko te tikanga tuatahi ko te MBR, te waikura whakapā, te tukanga paru whakahohe rānei. Ka uru tuatahi te wai para ki te puna wai para, kātahi ka uru ki te wāhanga maimoatanga koiora, ā, i te mutunga ka tukuna ki te wai huri noa hei whakamahi anō. He mea noa ake te whakamahi anō i ngā wai para i ngā taiwhenua.
Ko te aratau tuarua ko te anaerobic + te repo horihori, te anaerobic + te roto, te anaerobic + te whenua rānei, arā, ka whakamahia te wae anaerobic i muri i te puna waikura, ā, i muri i te maimoatanga taiao, ka tukuna ki te taiao, ka uru atu rānei ki te whakamahinga ahuwhenua.
Ko te aratau tuatoru ko te paru whakahohe + repo horihori, te paru whakahohe + roto, te waikura whakapā + repo horihori, te waikura whakapā rānei + te maimoatanga whenua, arā, ka whakamahia ngā taputapu hau me te hauhautanga i muri i te puna waikura, ā, ka tāpirihia he wae maimoatanga taiao. Whakakaha ake i te tango hauota me te whākawa.
I ngā mahi whaihua, ko te aratau tuatahi te ōwehenga nui rawa atu, e tae ana ki te 61%).
I roto i ngā momo e toru o runga ake nei, he pai ake te pānga maimoatanga o te MBR, ā, he pai mō ētahi wāhi he nui ngā whakaritenga kounga wai, engari he nui te utu whakahaere. He tino iti te utu whakahaere me te utu hanga o te repo hanga me te hangarau anaerobic, engari ki te whakaarohia whānuitia, me whakanui ake te tukanga whakapūngao kia tutuki ai te pānga pai ake o te wai para.
Te hangarau maimoatanga parakaingaki motuhake e whakamahia ana ki tāwāhi
1. Te Hononga o Amerika
Mō ngā whakaritenga pūnaha whakahaere me ngā whakaritenga hangarau, kei raro i tētahi anga tino whānui te whakahaere o te pūnaha tukatuka parakaingaki ā-motu i te Hononga o Amerika. I tēnei wā, ko ngā hangarau matua o te pūnaha tukatuka parakaingaki ā-motu i te Hononga o Amerika ko ēnei:
te puna waikura. Ko ngā puna waikura me te maimoatanga whenua he hangarau e whakamahia whānuitia ana ki tāwāhi. E ai ki ngā raraunga rangahau Tiamana, tata ki te 32% o te waipara e tika ana mō te maimoatanga whenua, ā, 10-20% o ēnei kāore i te whai tohu. Ko te take o te rahunga pea ko te poke o te wai whenua i te pūnaha, pēnei i: te roa o te whakamahinga; te kawenga waipēhi nui rawa; ngā raruraru hoahoa me te tāutanga; ngā raruraru whakahaere mahi, me ētahi atu.
tātari onepu. Ko te tātari onepu he hangarau maimoatanga paru e whakamahia whānuitia ana i te Hononga o Amerika, ka taea te whakatutuki i te pānga tango pai.
Maimoatanga ā-hauora. He maha ngā wāhi o te Hononga o Amerika e whakamahia ana te maimoatanga ā-hauora, ā, ko te tauine maimoatanga he 1.5-5.7t/rā, mā te whakamahi i te tikanga hurihuri koiora, te tikanga paru whakahohe rānei. I ngā tau tata nei, kua aro nui hoki te Hononga o Amerika ki te whakahaere whai hua o te whakamahinga hauota me te whākōkī. Ko te nuinga o te hauota i te Hononga o Amerika kei roto i ngā wai para. He mea nui kia whakaitihia ngā utu tukatuka i muri mai mā te wehewehe wawe.
Hei tāpiritanga, kei reira anō te patu huakita, te tango matūkai, te wehenga pūtake, me te tango me te whakaora i te N me te P.
2. Hapani
He rongonui te hangarau tukatuka parakaingaki ā-motu o Hapani mō tana pūnaha maimoatanga tāke septic. He rerekē ngā pūtake o te parakaingaki o te whare i Hapani i ērā o tōku whenua. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka kohia i runga i te whakarōpūtanga o te parakaingaki horoi me te parakaingaki o te kīhini.
Kei ngā wāhi kāore e tika ana mō te kohikohinga whatunga paipa, ā, he iti te taupori o te tangata, kua tāutahia ngā tāke paru ki Hapani. He rerekē ngā taupori me ngā tawhā e hangaia ana mō ngā momo taupori me ngā tawhā. Ahakoa kei te whakakapia ngā tāke paru o nāianei mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga, kei te nuinga tonu ngā totohu. Whai muri i te tauhohenga AO, te anaerobic, te tango i te waikura, te aerobic, te whakatō, te patu huakita me ētahi atu tukanga, me kī kei te mahi noa te tāke paru A. Ko te tono angitu o ngā tāke paru ki Hapani ehara i te mea he take hangarau noa iho, engari he pūnaha whakahaere tino katoa i raro i tētahi anga ture katoa, e hanga ana i tētahi take angitu. I tēnei wā, kei reira ngā take tono o ngā tāke paru i roto i tō tātou whenua, ā, me kī he mākete anō hoki kei te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia. Ko ngā whenua pēnei i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia, Initonīhia, me ngā Philippines e pāngia ana hoki e te kaupapa here maimoatanga paru ā-motu a Hapani. Kua whakatakotohia e Mareia me Initonīhia ā rātou ake whakaritenga hangarau ā-rohe me ngā aratohu mō ngā tāke paru, engari i roto i te mahi, kāore pea ēnei whakaritenga me ngā aratohu e tika ana mō tō rātou āhua whanaketanga ōhanga o nāianei.
3. Te Kotahitanga o Ūropi
Ina hoki, kei roto i te EU ētahi whenua kua whanake haere i te taha ōhanga me te taha hangarau, me ētahi rohe hoki kua hoki whakamuri ki te taha ōhanga me te taha hangarau. Mō te whanaketanga ōhanga, he rite tonu ki ngā āhuatanga ā-motu o Haina. Whai muri i te whakatutukitanga o tētahi putanga ōhanga, kei te kaha hoki te mahi a te EU ki te whakapai ake i te maimoatanga para, ā, i te tau 2005 i whakamanahia e rātou te paerewa EU EN12566-3 mō te maimoatanga para iti-motuhake. Me kī ko tēnei paerewa he huarahi ki te urutau i ngā mahi ki ngā āhuatanga ā-rohe, ngā āhuatanga whenua, me ētahi atu, hei whiriwhiri i ngā hangarau maimoatanga rerekē, tae atu ki ngā tāke para me te maimoatanga whenua. I roto i ētahi atu raupapa paerewa, kei roto hoki ngā whare whānui, ngā tipu maimoatanga para iti me ngā pūnaha maimoatanga mua.
4. Īnia
I muri i te whakataki poto i ngā take o ētahi whenua whakawhanake, me whakataki e au te āhua o ngā whenua whakawhanake i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia e tata ana ki ngā rohe koretake o te ōhanga o tōku whenua. Ko te nuinga o ngā para o roto o Īnia e ahu mai ana i ngā para o roto o te kīhini. Mō te maimoatanga para, ko te hangarau tāke waikura te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana i te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti o Āhia i tēnei wā. Engari he rite tonu te raruraru whānui ki tō tātou whenua, arā, he tino kitea ngā momo parahanga wai katoa. Me te tautoko a te Kāwanatanga o Īnia, kei te haere tonu ngā mahi me ngā kaupapa hei whakanui ake i ngā tāke waikura, me ngā whakaritenga mō te maimoatanga tāke waikura me te hangarau whakahāngai whakapā.
5. Initonīhia
Kei roto a Initonīhia i ngā whenua pārūrū. Ahakoa he āhua whakamuri te whanaketanga ōhanga o te taiwhenua, ko te nuinga o ngā paru o ngā kāinga o te rohe ka tukuna ki ngā awa. Nō reira, kāore i te tino pai te hauora o ngā taiwhenua i Mareia, i Thailand, i Vietnam me ētahi atu whenua. Ko te whakamahinga o ngā puna waikura i Initonīhia e 50%, ā, kua whakatakotohia hoki e rātou ngā kaupapa here e tika ana hei whakatairanga i ngā tikanga me ngā paerewa whakamahinga o ngā puna waikura i Initonīhia.
He wheako matatau ki tāwāhi
Hei whakarāpopototanga poto, he nui ngā wheako matatau o ngā whenua whakawhanake ka taea e tōku whenua te ako mai: he tino oti, he paerewa hoki te pūnaha paerewa i ngā whenua whakawhanake, ā, he pūnaha whakahaere whakahaere whai hua, tae atu ki te whakangungu ngaio me te mātauranga ā-iwi. , ā, he mārama rawa ngā mātāpono o te maimoatanga parakaingaki i ngā whenua whakawhanake.
Kei roto i ēnei: (1) Te whakamārama i te kawenga mō te maimoatanga parakaingaki, ā, i te wā kotahi, ka tautoko te kāwanatanga i te maimoatanga parakaingaki ā-motu mā roto i ngā pūtea me ngā kaupapa here; te whakatakoto i ngā paerewa e rite ana hei whakahaere me te ārahi i te maimoatanga parakaingaki ā-motu; (2) te whakatū i te pūnaha whakahaere whakahaere me te whakahaere ahumahi tika, paerewa, me te whai hua hei whakarite i te whanaketanga whai hua me te whakahaere roa o te maimoatanga parakaingaki ā-motu; (3) Te whakapai ake i te tauine, te whakawhanaungatanga, me te motuhaketanga o te hanganga me te whakahaere i ngā whakaurunga parakaingaki ā-motu hei whakarite i ngā painga, te whakaiti i ngā utu, me te whakahaere i te tirotiro; (4) Te motuhaketanga (5) te whakatairanga me te mātauranga me ngā kaupapa whai wāhi a te iwi, me ētahi atu.
I roto i te tukanga whakatinanatanga mahi, ka whakarapopototia ngā wheako angitu me ngā akoranga o te korenga hei whakatutuki i te whanaketanga pumau o te hangarau maimoatanga parakaingaki ā-motu o tōku whenua.
Cr.antop
Wā tuku: 13 Paenga-whāwhā 2023