Te Maimoatanga Wai Para o te Chitosan

I roto i ngā pūnaha maimoatanga wai tuku iho, ko ngā mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā tote konumohe me ngā tote rino, ko ngā tote konumohe e toe ana i roto i te wai kua tukatukahia ka whakararu i te hauora o te tangata, ā, ko ngā tote rino e toe ana ka pā ki te tae o te wai, me ētahi atu; i roto i te nuinga o ngā maimoatanga waipara, he uaua ki te whakakore i ngā raruraru parahanga tuarua pēnei i te nui o te paru me te uaua ki te whakakore i te paru. Nō reira, ko te rapu i tētahi hua taiao kāore e puta he parahanga tuarua ki te taiao hei whakakapi i ngā mea e whakamahia ana mō te tote konumohe me te tote rino te mea e tika ana kia whakatinanahia ngā rautaki whanaketanga tauwhiro i ēnei rā. He nui te aro o ngā mea e whakamahia ana mō ngā mea e whakamahia ana mō ngā mea e whakamahia ana mō ngā mea e whakamahia ana mō ngā mea e whakamahia ana mō ngā rauemi mata, te utu iti, te whiriwhiri pai, te iti o te horopeta, te haumaru me te kore-paitini, me te pirau katoa. Whai muri i ngā tekau tau o te whanaketanga, kua puta mai he maha o ngā mea e whakamahia ana mō ngā mea e whakamahia ana mō ngā mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā mea pērā i te māngaro, te lignin, te chitosan me te kāpia huawhenua.

KitosanNgā Āhuatanga

He mā te koretake o te āhua o te chitosan, he totoka mātotoru, he mārama, kāore e wairewa i te wai engari ka wairewa i te waikawa, koinei te hua o te deacetylation o te chitin. I te nuinga o te wā, ka taea te kī ko te chitosan he chitosan ina neke atu i te 55% te tango i te rōpū N-acetyl i roto i te chitin. Ko te chitin te wāhanga matua o ngā angaanga o waho o ngā kararehe me ngā pepeke, ā, ko ia te tuarua o ngā matū rauropi taiao nui rawa atu i muri i te cellulose. Hei flocculant, he taiao te chitosan, kāore e paitini, ā, ka pirau. He maha ngā rōpū hydroxyl, ngā rōpū amino me ētahi rōpū N-acetylamino e horahia ana i runga i te mekameka macromolecular o te chitosan, ka taea te hanga polyelectrolytes cationic me te kiato utu teitei i roto i ngā otinga waikawa, ā, ka taea hoki te hanga hanganga whatunga-rite mā roto i ngā hononga hauwai, ngā hononga ionic rānei. Ngā ngota whare herehere, nā reira ka whakakotahi me te tango i te maha o ngā ion konganuku taumaha paitini me te kino. He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o te chitosan me ōna hua, ehara i te mea ko te kakahu anake, te tā me te tae, te hanga pepa, te rongoā, te kai, te ahumahi matū, te koiora me te ahuwhenua, ā, he maha atu anō ngā mara e whai hua ana, engari i roto anō hoki i te maimoatanga wai, ka taea te whakamahi hei mimiti, hei rongoā pupuhi, hei rongoā patu harore, hei rongoā whakawhiti katote, hei rongoā whakarite kiriuhi, me ētahi atu. Kua whakaaetia te chitosan e te US Environmental Protection Agency hei rongoā horoi mō te wai inu nā ōna painga ahurei i roto i ngā tono tuku wai me te maimoatanga wai.

Te tono oKitosani roto i te Maimoatanga Wai

(1) Tangohia ngā totoka i whakatārewatia i roto i te wai. I roto i te wai tūturu, ka huri hei pūnaha colloid utu kino nā te noho o ngā huakita uku, me ētahi atu. Hei polymer cationic mekameka roa, ka taea e te chitosan te mahi i ngā mahi takirua o te whakakore hiko me te whakapūmau me te mimiti me te hono, ā, he kaha te pānga whakapūmau ki ngā matū i whakatārewatia. Ki te whakatauritea ki te konumohe tuku iho me te polyacrylamide hei flocculants, he pai ake te pānga whakamārama o te chitosan. I ako a RAVID me ētahi atu i te pānga o te maimoatanga flocculation o te tohatoha wai kaolin kotahi i te wā i 5-9 te uara pH o te chitosan, ā, i kitea he nui te pānga o te uara pH ki te flocculation, ā, ko te uara pH whai hua o te tango paru ko 7.0-7.5. 1mg/L flocculant, neke atu i te 90% te tere tango paru, ā, he matotoru, he tere hoki ngā paru i puta, ā, kāore te wā whakatō paru katoa e neke atu i te 1h; engari ina heke, ina piki rānei te uara pH, ka heke te whai huatanga o te flocculation, e tohu ana i roto i te awhe pH tino whaiti anake, ka taea e te chitosan te hanga polymerization pai me ngā matūriki kaolin. Kua kitea e ētahi rangahau ina rongoatia te whakatārewatanga bentonite flocculated ki te chitosan, he whānui te awhe uara pH e tika ana. Nō reira, ina he rite ngā matūriki ki te kaolin kei roto i te wai pōuri, me tāpiri he nui o te bentonite e tika ana hei coagulant hei whakapai ake i te polymerization ochitosani runga i ngā matūriki. Nō muri mai, i kitea e RAVID me ētahi atu

Mena he humus kei roto i te kaolin, i te titanium dioxide rānei, he māmā noa te whakapūpū me te whakatō ki te chitosan, nā te mea ka piri te humus kino ki te mata o ngā matūriki, ā, mā te humus ka māmā ake te whakarerekē i te uara pH. He pai tonu ngā āhuatanga whakapūpū a te chitosan mō ngā wai taiao me ngā momo paru me te kawakore rerekē.

(2) Tangohia te rimurimu me ngā huakita mai i te wai. I ngā tau tata nei, kua tīmata ētahi tāngata o tāwāhi ki te ako i te mimiti me te rere o te chitosan ki ngā pūnaha colloid koiora pērā i te rimurimu me ngā huakita. He pānga tango a te chitosan ki ngā rimurimu wai māori, arā, ko te Spirulina, te rimurimu Oscillator, te Chlorella me te rimurimu kikorangi-kakariki. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau mō ngā rimurimu wai māori, he pai ake te tango i te pH o te 7; mō ngā rimurimu moana, he iti ake te pH. Ko te horopeta tika o te chitosan e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kukū o ngā rimurimu i roto i te wai. Ko te teitei ake o te kukū o ngā rimurimu, ko te nui ake o te horopeta o te chitosan me tāpiri, ā, ko te pikinga ake o te horopeta o te chitosan ka tere ake te rere me te ua. Ka taea e te tauraki te ine i te tangohanga o ngā rimurimu. Ina 7 te uara pH, 5mg/Lchitosanka taea te tango i te 90% o te pōuriuri i roto i te wai, ā, ki te teitei ake te kukū o te rimurimu, ka nui ake te taratara o ngā matūriki para, ā, ka pai ake te mahi whakapūpū.

I whakaatuhia e te whakamātautau miroiti ko ngā karengo i tangohia mā te whakapūpū me te whakatōpu i kohikohia, i piri tahitia, ā, kei te noho tonu i roto i te āhua ora me te kaha. Nā te mea kāore te chitosan e pā kino ki ngā momo i roto i te wai, ka taea tonu te whakamahi i te wai kua rongoatia mō te whakatipu ika wai māori, he rerekē ki ētahi atu whakapūpū hangai mō te maimoatanga wai. He uaua te tikanga tango o te chitosan ki ngā huakita. Mā te ako i te whakapūpū o Escherichia coli me te chitosan, i kitea ko te tikanga piriti kore taurite te tikanga matua o te pūnaha whakapūpū, ā, ka puta he hononga hauwai i runga i ngā para pūtau e te chitosan. I whakaatuhia e tētahi atu rangahau ko te whai huatanga o te whakapūpū o E. coli e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaha o te utaina o te dielectric engari ki tōna āhua waipēhi hoki.

(3) Tangohia te konumohe toenga, ka purea te wai inu. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā tote konumohe me ngā mea whakapūkara polyaluminium i roto i ngā tukanga maimoatanga wai tap, engari ko te whakamahinga o ngā mea whakapūkara tote konumohe ka piki ake te nui o te konumohe i roto i te wai inu. He tūponotanga nui ki te hauora o te tangata te konumohe toenga i roto i te wai inu. Ahakoa he raru anō hoki te chitosan o te toenga wai, nā te mea he aminopolysaccharide kawakore kore-paitini, kāore te toenga e kino ki te tinana tangata, ā, ka taea te tango i roto i te tukanga maimoatanga i muri mai. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakamahinga ngātahi o te chitosan me ngā mea whakapūkara inorganic pērā i te polyaluminum chloride ka taea te whakaiti i te nui o te konumohe toenga. Nō reira, i roto i te maimoatanga wai inu, he painga kei te chitosan kāore e taea te whakakapi e ētahi atu mea whakapūkara polymer waro hangai.

Te Whakamahinga o te Chitosan i roto i te Maimoatanga Wai Para

(1) Tangohia ngā iona whakarewa. Ko te mekameka ngota ochitosanā, he nui ngā rōpū amino me ngā rōpū hydroxyl kei roto i ōna hua, nō reira he pānga chelating tōna ki te maha o ngā katote konganuku, ā, ka taea te mimiti, te hopu rānei i ngā katote konganuku taumaha i roto i te otinga. Kua whakaatuhia e Catherine A. Eiden me ētahi atu rangahau ko te kaha mimiti o te chitosan ki te Pb2+ me te Cr3+ (i roto i te waeine o te chitosan) e eke ana ki te 0.2 mmol/g me te 0.25 mmol/g, ia, ā, he kaha te kaha mimiti. I whakamahia e Zhang Ting'an me ētahi atu te chitosan kua tangohia te acetylated hei tango i te parahi mā te flocculation. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua i te wā i 8.0 te uara pH, ā, ko te kukū papatipu o ngā katote parahi i roto i te tauira wai he iti iho i te 100 mg/L, ko te tere tango parahi neke atu i te 99%; Ko te kukū papatipu he 400mg/L, ā, ko te kukū papatipu o ngā katote parahi i roto i te wai toenga e tutuki tonu ana i te paerewa tukunga waipara ā-motu. I whakaatuhia e tētahi atu whakamātautau, ina he 5.0 te pH, ā, e 2 hāora te roa o te wā mimiti, ka eke te tere tango o te chitosan ki te Ni2+ i roto i te wai para matū mimiti nikara ki te 72.25%.

(2) Whakamaaramahia ngā wai para he nui te pūmua pērā i te wai para kai. I te wā e tukatukahia ana te kai, ka tukuna te wai para kei roto he nui ngā totoka iri. Kei roto i te ngota chitosan te rōpū amide, te rōpū amino me te rōpū hydroxyl. Mā te whakapūtātanga o te rōpū amino, ka whakaatuhia te mahi a te polyelectrolyte cationic, e kore e whai pānga chelating anake ki ngā konganuku taumaha, engari ka taea hoki te whakapūtā me te mimiti i ngā matūriki pai kua utua kinotia ki roto i te wai. Ka taea e te chitin me te chitosan te hanga matatini mā te here hauwai ki ngā pūmua, ngā waikawa amino, ngā waikawa ngako, me ētahi atu. I whakamahia e Fang Zhimin me ētahi atu.chitosan, te konupūmā whanariki, te konupūmā whanariki me te polypropylene phthalamide hei whakapūkara hei whakaora i te pūmua mai i te wai para o te tukatuka kai moana. Ka taea te whiwhi i te tere whakaora pūmua teitei me te tuku mārama o te wai para. Nā te mea kāore he paitini o te chitosan, ā, kāore he parahanga tuarua, ka taea te whakamahi hei hangarua i ngā matū whai hua pēnei i te pūmua me te māngaro i roto i te wai para mai i ngā tipu tukatuka kai hei tukatuka me te whakamahi anō, pēnei i te tāpiri ki te whāngai hei whāngai kararehe.

(3) Te tukatuka i te wai para tā me te tae. Ko te wai para tā me te tae e pā ana ki te wai para e tukuna ana mai i te miro, te huruhuru hipi, te muka matū me ētahi atu hua kakahu i roto i te tukanga o mua, te tae, te tā me te whakaoti. I te nuinga o te wā kei roto ko ngā tote, ngā matū horoi me ngā tae waro, me ētahi atu, me ngā wāhanga uaua, te chroma nui me te COD teitei. , ā, ka whanake i te ahunga o te ārai-waikura me te ārai-pirau koiora, he tino kino ki te hauora tangata me te taiao. Kei roto i te chitosan ngā rōpū amino me ngā rōpū hydroxyl, ā, he kaha te pānga adsorption ki ngā tae, tae atu ki: te adsorption tinana, te adsorption matū me te adsorption whakawhiti katote, ko te nuinga mā te hononga hauwai, te kukume hiko, te whakawhiti katote, te kaha van der Waals, te taunekeneke hydrophobic, me ētahi atu. I taua wā anō, kei roto i te hanganga ngota o te chitosan he maha o ngā rōpū amino tuatahi, e hanga ana i te kaihoko chelating polymer pai rawa atu mā roto i ngā hononga taunga, ka taea te whakakotahi i ngā tae i roto i te wai para, ā, kāore he paitini, kāore hoki e puta he parahanga tuarua.

(4) Te whakamahinga i roto i te whakamaroke paru. I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ngā whare maimoatanga paru o te tāone e whakamahi ana i te polyacrylamide cationic hei rongoā i te paru. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā mahi he pai te pānga flocculation o tēnei kaihoko, ā, he ngāwari ki te whakamaroke i te paru, engari ko ōna toenga, inā koa ko te acrylamide monomer, he carcinogen kaha. Nō reira, he mahi tino nui te rapu i tōna whakakapinga. He pai te chitosan hei whakangawari paru, e āwhina ana ki te hanga i ngā micelles huakita paru whakahohe, ka taea te whakakotahi i ngā mea kua whakatārewatia me ngā mea rauropi i roto i te otinga, me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te maimoatanga o te tukanga paru whakahohe. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ko te polyaluminum chloride/chitosan composite flocculant ehara i te mea he mārama noa te pānga ki te whakangawari paru, engari ki te whakatauritea ki te whakamahinga o te PAC kotahi, chitosan rānei, ka tae tuatahi te ātete motuhake ki te paru ki te wāhi iti, ā, he teitei ake te tere tātari. He tere, ā, he pai ake te whakangawari; Hei tāpiritanga, e toru ngā momo carboxymethyl chitosan (N-carboxymethyl chitosan, N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan me O-carboxymethyl chitosan) e whakamahia ana hei whakamātau i te mahi whakamaroke o te paru, ā, i kitea he kaha ngā paru i hangaia, ā, kāore e ngāwari ki te pakaru, e tohu ana he pai ake te pānga o te paru ki te whakamaroke paru i ērā o ngā paru noa.

Kitosanā, he nui ngā rauemi o ōna hua, he mea taiao, kāore e paitini, ka pirau, ā, he maha ngā āhuatanga i te wā kotahi. He kaihoko maimoatanga wai matomato ēnei. Ko tōna rauemi mata, ko te chitin, te tuarua o ngā matū rauropi taiao nui rawa atu o te ao. Nō reira, i ngā tau tata nei, kua kitea te tere tipu o te whanaketanga o te chitosan i roto i te maimoatanga wai. Hei polymer taiao e huri ana i te para hei taonga, i te tīmatanga kua whakamahia te chitosan ki ngā mara maha, engari he rerekē tonu te mahi me te whakamahinga o ngā hua o te kāinga ki ērā atu whenua matatau. I te hohonu haere o te rangahau mō te chitosan me ōna hua, inā koa ko te chitosan kua whakarerekētia me ngā āhuatanga hanga pai rawa atu, ka nui haere te uara tono. Mā te tūhura i te hangarau tono o te chitosan i roto i te maimoatanga wai me te whakawhanake i ngā hua hoa taiao o ngā hua chitosan me te whānuitanga tono whānui ka nui ake te uara mākete me ngā tūmanako tono.

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